Flower contains calotropenyl acetate, and multiflavenol and the latex contains uzarigenin, and terpenol ester. In the leaves, mudarine is the principal active constituent as well as a bitter yellow acid, resin and 3 toxic glycosides calotropin, uscharin, calotoxin and calotropagenin.
The plants contain the cardenolide, proceragenin, while the root bark contains benzoylinesolone and benzoylisolinelone, α-amyrin,β-amyrin, lupeol, β-sitosterol and flavanols like quercetin-3-rutinoside. A white milky sap is exuded from any wound on the plant.
Seed light-brown, broadly ovate, flattened, 3.2 cm with silky hairs. Fruits sub-globose, ellipsoid or ovoid, recurved follicle, 7.5-10.0 cm. Corolla slightly campanulate, with 5 sepals that are 4-5 mm long segments ovate, acute, rather concave, dull purple bordered with white on the upper side, silvery on the underside. Inflorescence a dense, multiflowered, umbellate cyme arising from the nodes and appearing axillary or terminal. Leaves decussate, obovate, acuminate 10-20 cm long and 4-10 cm wide. Stem round, usually simple (rarely branched), pale green, thickly covered with hoary pubescence which readily rubs off. It is a shrub or small tree, generally up to 2.5-4 m (max. It occurs in open habitats such as cultivated fields, roadsides, grazing lands and other disturbed or degraded sites. Within India, it is found growing wild throughout in comparatively drier and warmer areas, up to an altitude of 1050 m. Regional Name English : Madar Tree, Hindi : Aak, Madar, Akavana, Sanskrit : Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana, Punjabi : Ak, Urdu : Madar, Aak, Assamese : Akand, Akan, Bengali : Akanda, Akone, Gujrati : Aakado, Kannada : Ekka, Ekkadagida, Ekkegida, Kashmiri : Acka, Malayalam : Erikku, Marathi : Rui, Oriya : Arakha, Tamil : Vellerukku, Erukku, Telugu : Jilledu.Īak is probably native to India, globally distributed in China, Southeast Asia, Middle East, and North Africa, Tropical Africa and Asia. ex Wight, Calotropis inflexa Chiov, Calotropis syriaca Woodson.
Asclepias patula Decne, Asclepias procera Aiton, Calotropis busseana K.
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